Journal: Bioactive Materials

Article Title: Artificial mitochondria ameliorates osteoarthritis through restoring cellular energy metabolism homeostasis

doi: 10.1016/j.bioactmat.2026.02.028

Figure Lengend Snippet: Cellular uptake and lysosomal escape of CAMs. (a), (b) Fluorescence images and normalized fluorescence quantification of chondrocytes and meniscus cells after the uptake of different materials, as well as the cellular uptake efficiency results. red: fluorescently labeled materials; green: cell membrane; scale bar: 10 μm; n = 3; one-way ANOVA; ∗∗ represents p < 0.01; ∗∗∗ represents p < 0.0005; and ns represents no significant difference. (c, d) Flow cytometry analysis and normalized fluorescence quantification of chondrocytes (c) and meniscus cells (d) taking up CAMs after exposure to different inhibitors. n = 3; one-way ANOVA; ∗ represents p < 0.05; ∗∗ represents p < 0.01; ∗∗∗ represents p < 0.0005; ∗∗∗∗ represents p < 0.0001; and ns represents no significant difference. (e) Lysosomal escape of chondrocytes incubated with PF or PFMPCr/DS CAMs for 5 min, 1 h, or 6 h. Blue: nuclei; red: fluorescently labeled materials; green: lysosomes; scale bar: 10 μm. (f) Lysosomal escape of meniscus cells incubated with PF or PFMPCr/DS CAMs for 5 min, 1 h, or 6 h. Blue: nuclei; red: fluorescently labeled materials; green: lysosomes; scale bar: 10 μm.

Article Snippet: Total protein was extracted using RIPA lysis buffer (C1053, Applygen, China) containing protease inhibitors (P1265-1, Applygen, China) and phosphatase inhibitors (P1260-1, Applygen, China).

Techniques: Fluorescence, Labeling, Membrane, Flow Cytometry, Incubation